The OVITEK je stavek, ki upravlja vrsto logičnih poizvedb if-then-else. Ta stavek vrne vrednost, ko je podani pogoj ovrednoten na True. Če noben pogoj ni ovrednoten na True, vrne vrednost dela ELSE.

Če ni dela ELSE in noben pogoj ni ovrednoten na True, vrne vrednost NULL.

V jeziku strukturiranih poizvedb se stavek CASE uporablja v stavkih SELECT, INSERT in DELETE z naslednjimi tremi stavki:

1. Klavzula WHERE
2. Klavzula ORDER BY
3. GROUP BY klavzula

Tej izjavi v SQL vedno sledi vsaj en par stavkov WHEN in THEN in se vedno konča s ključno besedo END.

Stavek CASE je v relacijskih bazah podatkov dveh vrst:

1. Enostavna izjava CASE
2. Iskan stavek CASE

Sintaksa stavka CASE v SQL

 CASE WHEN condition_1 THEN statement_1 WHEN condition_2 THEN statement_2 ……. WHEN condition_N THEN statement_N ELSE result END; 

Tukaj stavek CASE ovrednoti vsak pogoj enega za drugim.

Če se izraz ujema s pogojem prvega stavka WHEN, preskoči vse nadaljnje pogoje WHEN in THEN ter v rezultatu vrne stavek_1.

string.format java niz

Če se izraz ne ujema s prvim pogojem WHEN, se primerja z drugim pogojem WHEN. Ta postopek ujemanja se bo nadaljeval, dokler se izraz ne ujema s katerim koli pogojem WHEN.

Če se z izrazom ne ujema noben pogoj, kontrolnik samodejno preide na del ELSE in vrne rezultat. V sintaksi CASE je del ELSE neobvezen.

V sintaksi sta CASE in END najpomembnejši ključni besedi, ki prikazujeta začetek in zaključek stavka CASE.

Primeri stavka CASE v SQL

Vzemimo tabelo Student_Details, ki vsebuje roll_no, ime, ocene, predmet in mesto študentov.

Primer 1: Naslednji stavek SQL uporablja en pogoj WHEN in THEN za stavek CASE:

niz v jsonobject

 SELECT Roll_No, Stu_Name, Stu_Subject, Stu_marks, CASE WHEN Stu_Marks >= 50 THEN 'Student_Passed' ELSE 'Student_Failed' END AS Student_Result FROM Student_Details; 

Razlaga zgornje poizvedbe:

Tukaj izjava CASE preveri, ali če je Stu_Marks večje od in enako 50, vrne Študent_uspešno sicer se seli v DRUGEGA del in vrne Študent_neuspešno v Študentski_rezultat stolpec.

Izhod:

Primer 2: Naslednji stavek SQL stavku CASE doda več kot en pogoj WHEN in THEN:

 SELECT Roll_No, Stu_Name, Stu_Subject, Stu_marks, CASE WHEN Stu_Marks &gt;= 90 THEN &apos;Outstanding&apos; WHEN Stu_Marks &gt;= 80 AND Stu_Marks = 70 AND Stu_Marks = 60 AND Stu_Marks = 50 AND Stu_Marks <60 50 then 'bad' when stu_marks < 'failed' end as stu_remarks from student_details; pre> <p> <strong>Explanation of above query:</strong> </p> <p>Here, the CASE statement checks multiple WHEN and THEN conditions one by one. If the value of <strong>Stu_Marks</strong> column is greater than or equals to <strong>90</strong> , it returns <strong>Outstanding</strong> otherwise moves to the further WHEN and THEN conditions.</p> <p>If none of the conditions is matched with the <strong>Student_Details</strong> table, CASE returns <strong>the NULL</strong> value in the <strong>Stu_Remarks</strong> column because there is no ELSE part in the query.</p> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Roll_No</th> <th>Stu_Name</th> <th>Stu_Subject</th> <th>Stu_Marks</th> <th>Stu_Remarks</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Science</td> <td>92</td> <td>Outstanding</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Ram Math</td> <td>49</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>English</td> <td>52</td> <td>Bad</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Hindi</td> <td>45</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Computer</td> <td>70</td> <td>Good</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Math</td> <td>82</td> <td>Excellent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Science</td> <td>62</td> <td>Average</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>English</td> <td>42</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Computer</td> <td>88</td> <td>Excellent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Hindi</td> <td>35</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> </table> <p> <strong>Example 3:</strong> </p> <p>Let&apos;s take another Employee_Details table which contains Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept, and Emp_Salary.</p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Salary</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>9000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>8000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>6000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>8000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>3000</td> </tr> </table> <p> <strong>The following SQL query uses GROUP BY clause with CASE statement:</strong> </p> <pre> SELECT Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept, sum(Emp_Salary) as Total_Salary, CASE WHEN SUM(Emp_Salary) &gt;= 10000 THEN &apos;Increment&apos; ELSE &apos;Constant&apos; END AS Emp_Remarks FROM Employee_Details GROUP BY Emp_id, Emp_Name; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Total_Salary</th> <th>Emp_Remarks</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>17000</td> <td>Increment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>9000</td> <td>Decrement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>10000</td> <td>Increment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>12000</td> <td>Increment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>8000</td> <td>Decrement</td> </tr> </table> <p> <strong>Example 4: In this example, we use the ORDER BY clause with a CASE statement in SQL:</strong> </p> <p>Let&apos;s take another Employee_Details table which contains Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept, and Emp_Age.</p> <p>We can check the data of Employee_Details by using the following query in SQL:</p> <pre> Select * From Employee_Details; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Age</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Balram</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Naveen</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarun</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> </table> <p>The following SQL query shows all the details of employees in the ascending order of employee names:</p> <pre> SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY Emp_Name; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Age</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Balram</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Naveen</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarun</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>25</td> </tr> </table> <p>If you want to show those employees at the top who work in the Coding Department, then for this operation, you have to use single WHEN and THEN statement in the CASE statement as shown in the following query:</p> <pre> SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY CASE WHEN Emp_Dept = &apos;Coding&apos; THEN 0 ELSE 1 END, Emp_Name; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Age</th> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Balram</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Naveen</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarun</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> </table> <hr></60>

Izhod:

Primer 4: V tem primeru uporabljamo klavzulo ORDER BY s stavkom CASE v SQL:

Vzemimo drugo tabelo Employee_Details, ki vsebuje Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept in Emp_Age.

Podatke Employee_Details lahko preverimo z uporabo naslednje poizvedbe v SQL:

 Select * From Employee_Details; 

Izhod:

Naslednja poizvedba SQL prikazuje vse podrobnosti zaposlenih v naraščajočem vrstnem redu imen zaposlenih:

java spremenljivka spremenljivka

 SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY Emp_Name; 

Izhod:

Če želite prikazati zaposlene na vrhu, ki delajo v oddelku za kodiranje, potem morate za to operacijo uporabiti en sam stavek WHEN in THEN v stavku CASE, kot je prikazano v naslednji poizvedbi:

 SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY CASE WHEN Emp_Dept = 'Coding' THEN 0 ELSE 1 END, Emp_Name; 

Izhod: