Afina šifra je vrsta enoabecedne nadomestne šifre, pri kateri je vsaka črka v abecedi preslikana v svoj numerični ekvivalent, šifriran s preprosto matematično funkcijo, in pretvorjen nazaj v črko. Uporabljena formula pomeni, da se vsaka črka šifrira v eno drugo črko in nazaj, kar pomeni, da je šifra v bistvu standardna nadomestna šifra s pravilom, ki ureja, katera črka gre h kateri.
Celoten postopek temelji na delovnem modulu m (dolžina uporabljene abecede). V afini šifri se črke abecede velikosti m najprej preslikajo v cela števila v območju 0 … m-1.
'Ključ' za šifro Affine je sestavljen iz dveh številk, ki ju bomo imenovali a in b. Naslednja razprava predvideva uporabo 26-mestne abecede (m = 26). a je treba izbrati tako, da je relativno praštevilen glede na m (tj. a ne sme imeti skupnih faktorjev z m).
Šifriranje
Uporablja modularno aritmetiko za pretvorbo celega števila, ki mu ustreza vsaka črka odprtega besedila, v drugo celo število, ki ustreza črki šifriranega besedila. Funkcija šifriranja za posamezno črko je
E ( x ) = ( a x + b ) mod m modulus m: size of the alphabet a and b: key of the cipher. a must be chosen such that a and m are coprime.
Dešifriranje
Pri dešifriranju šifriranega besedila moramo izvesti nasprotne (ali inverzne) funkcije na šifriranem besedilu, da pridobimo odprto besedilo. Ponovno je prvi korak pretvorba vsake črke šifriranega besedila v njihove celoštevilske vrednosti. Funkcija dešifriranja je
vijay filmski igralec
D ( x ) = a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m a^-1 : modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m. i.e. it satisfies the equation 1 = a a^-1 mod m .
Najti multiplikativni inverz
Najti moramo takšno število x, da:
Če najdemo število x tako, da je enačba resnična, potem je x obratna vrednost a in jo imenujemo a^-1. To enačbo najlažje rešite tako, da poiščete vsako od števil od 1 do 25 in vidite, katero ustreza enačbi.
[gxd] = gcd(am); % we can ignore g and d we dont need them x = mod(xm);
Če zdaj pomnožite x in a ter zmanjšate rezultat (mod 26), boste dobili odgovor 1. Ne pozabite, da je to samo definicija inverza, tj. če je a*x = 1 (mod 26), potem je x inverz a (in a je inverz x)
primer:
Izvedba:
C++//CPP program to illustrate Affine Cipher #include
// Java program to illustrate Affine Cipher class GFG { // Key values of a and b static int a = 17; static int b = 20; static String encryptMessage(char[] msg) { /// Cipher Text initially empty String cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (msg[i] != ' ') { cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i] - 'A')) + b) % 26) + 'A'); } else // else simply append space character { cipher += msg[i]; } } return cipher; } static String decryptCipher(String cipher) { String msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; // Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 // then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.length(); i++) { /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (cipher.charAt(i) != ' ') { msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher.charAt(i) + 'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); } else //else simply append space character { msg += cipher.charAt(i); } } return msg; } // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { String msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; // Calling encryption function String cipherText = encryptMessage(msg.toCharArray()); System.out.println('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); // Calling Decryption function System.out.println('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); } } // This code contributed by Rajput-Ji
# Implementation of Affine Cipher in Python # Extended Euclidean Algorithm for finding modular inverse # eg: modinv(7 26) = 15 def egcd(a b): xy uv = 01 10 while a != 0: q r = b//a b%a m n = x-u*q y-v*q ba xy uv = ar uv mn gcd = b return gcd x y def modinv(a m): gcd x y = egcd(a m) if gcd != 1: return None # modular inverse does not exist else: return x % m # affine cipher encryption function # returns the cipher text def affine_encrypt(text key): ''' C = (a*P + b) % 26 ''' return ''.join([ chr((( key[0]*(ord(t) - ord('A')) + key[1] ) % 26) + ord('A')) for t in text.upper().replace(' ' '') ]) # affine cipher decryption function # returns original text def affine_decrypt(cipher key): ''' P = (a^-1 * (C - b)) % 26 ''' return ''.join([ chr((( modinv(key[0] 26)*(ord(c) - ord('A') - key[1])) % 26) + ord('A')) for c in cipher ]) # Driver Code to test the above functions def main(): # declaring text and key text = 'AFFINE CIPHER' key = [17 20] # calling encryption function affine_encrypted_text = affine_encrypt(text key) print('Encrypted Text: {}'.format( affine_encrypted_text )) # calling decryption function print('Decrypted Text: {}'.format ( affine_decrypt(affine_encrypted_text key) )) if __name__ == '__main__': main() # This code is contributed by # Bhushan Borole
// C# program to illustrate Affine Cipher using System; class GFG { // Key values of a and b static int a = 17; static int b = 20; static String encryptMessage(char[] msg) { /// Cipher Text initially empty String cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.Length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (msg[i] != ' ') { cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i] - 'A')) + b) % 26) + 'A'); } else // else simply append space character { cipher += msg[i]; } } return cipher; } static String decryptCipher(String cipher) { String msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; // Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 // then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.Length; i++) { /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (cipher[i] != ' ') { msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher[i] + 'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); } else //else simply append space character { msg += cipher[i]; } } return msg; } // Driver code public static void Main(String[] args) { String msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; // Calling encryption function String cipherText = encryptMessage(msg.ToCharArray()); Console.WriteLine('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); // Calling Decryption function Console.WriteLine('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); } } /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */
//Javascript program to illustrate Affine Cipher //Key values of a and b let a = 17; let b = 20; function encryptMessage(msg) { ///Cipher Text initially empty let cipher = ''; for (let i = 0; i < msg.length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted if(msg[i] !=' ') /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ cipher = cipher + String.fromCharCode((((a * (msg[i].charCodeAt(0)-65) ) + b) % 26) + 65); else //else simply append space character cipher += msg[i]; } return cipher; } function decryptCipher(cipher) { let msg = ''; let a_inv = 0; let flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; //Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 //then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (let i = 0; i < cipher.length; i++) { if(cipher[i]!=' ') /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ msg = msg + String.fromCharCode(((a_inv * ((cipher[i].charCodeAt(0)+65 - b)) % 26)) + 65); else //else simply append space character msg += cipher[i]; } return msg; } //Driver Program let msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; //Calling encryption function let cipherText = encryptMessage(msg); console.log('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); //Calling Decryption function console.log('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); // The code is contributed by Arushi Jindal.
Izhod
Encrypted Message is : UBBAHK CAPJKX Decrypted Message is: AFFINE CIPHER
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